Ancient Civilizations
A. Ancient Greece
1. Sparta - military state - totalitarian
2. Athens - 1st Democracy
a) Philosophy - the questioning spirit - Socrates, Plato and Aristotle
b) Parthenon - Greek architectural excellence
3. Alexander the Great (356 - 323 BC)
a) Spread Greek culture - Hellenism
b) Vast empire - Greece - Persia - Egypt - India
B. Ancient Rome
1. Roman Republic - indirect democracy - people chose representatives to run the gov't
2. Twelve Tablets of Law - protected the rights of citizens - influenced Western legal systems - all citizens are equal, innocent until proven guilty, guilt-innocence based on facts
3. Republic to Empire
a) Rome grew - classes were divided (rich vs. poor) - change was necessary
b) Julius Caesar - dictator Augustus - emperor
c) Autocracy - power held in the hands of one man - emperor
d) Pax Romana - Roman Peace begun under Augustus - Rome's Golden Age
4. Growth of Christianity - Emperor Constantine
5. Fall of Rome - too big - gov't was corrupt - heavy taxes - invasions by Germanic tribes
Religions of the World
I. Hinduism - 80% of the people of India follow Hinduism
A)Major Beliefs: caste system and reincarnation
B)Caste System: a person is born into a certain level of society and may advance to a different level only by death and reincarnation. Caste system determines a person's social class, way of life, occupation and limits who he/she can marry.
C)Hindu beliefs: Karma - their actions will help them in the next life. They also follow the Dharma - their obedience to family and caste will determine if they will be reincarnated into a better life.
D)The caste system is discouraged by the government of India, which has banned discrimination based on caste.
E)The "Caste System" continues to exercise a strong influence on the lives of the people.
II. Buddhism - Dominant religion in South East Asia
A)Main beliefs: Self-denial and meditation
B)Peace and harmony can be found by rejecting Materialism and Desires
C)Buddhists are taught to follow the "Eightfold Path" to give up their pursuit of material objects
D)Buddhists strive to achieve Nirvana, a state of bliss and an escape from the cycle of reincarnation
E)Buddhism influences life in South East Asia by providing a code of behavior that guides how people live their lives.
III. Judaism - Religion of Israel
A)Jews were the first to believe in one God (monotheism) - Yahweh
B) Jews believed that they were God's chosen people when God spoke to them through Moses at Mt Sinai. There God gave Moses a set of rules regarding ethical behavior, family relations and forms of worship. (10 Commandments)
C)Holy Book - Torah, the first five books of the bible- basic principles of Judaism
D)Jews have been dispersed throughout the world for over 2,000 years. (Diaspora) Jews have retained their common beliefs, ethic and religious identity. Israel was created in 1948. It gave Jews and independent homeland
IV. Christianity - Dominant religion in Western Europe
A)Jesus Christ is the son of God who was sent to Earth to spread his teachings, was crucified for his beliefs and miraculously ascended into heaven.
B)Most Christians believe that those who are baptized believe in God, and follow the 10 Commandments will live a life after death in heaven. They accept the Bible as the holy book
C) The Spanish Inquisition (1400-1600) sent thousands of people to their deaths for heresy or for refusing to convert to Christianity
V. Islam - major religion of the Middle East
A)Believe in one God (Allah) and Muhammad is his prophet
B)Holy Book - Koran - contains the word of God revealed to Muhammed - The Koran provides an ethical code that emphasizes honesty and protection of the weak.
C)Muslims are supposed to follow the Five Pillars of Wisdom
1.Faith in Allah - There is only 1 God - Allah and Muhammed is his messenger
2.Pray five times a day facing Mecca
3.Give alms (charity) to the poor
4.Fast during the holy month of Ramadan
5.Make a pilgrimage to Mecca once in your lifetime.
D)The spread of Islam changed the lives of many people because Arabic became the spoken language, culture, political structure and ethnic makeup of a large part of the Middle East and Africa.
E)Sharia - Islamic Code - how to live everyday life according to the Q'uran
Regional Empires
The T'ang Dynasty (618 - 902 AD)
-claimed the "Mandate of Heaven" (divine right) from the Han after it collapsed after 220 AD
-expanded territory
-constructed canals and roads for international trade
-expanded trade throughout Asia
-redistributed land to peasants
-made advances in printing, porcelain making, time keeping and gunpowder
The Gupta Empire (320 - 550 AD)
-Built roads for international trade
-Expanded trade in silk, spices and luxury goods to the Chinese, Persians, Byzantine and Roman Empires
-Constructed stupas ( dome shaped Buddhist shrines)
-Deepened caste system - dividing the society but added stability and order
The Byzantine Empire (330 - 1453 AD)
-Preserved Roman Laws - Justinian's Code) - became the model for European legal systems
-Served as a buffer for Western Europe against invasions from the east
-Expanded trade in silk, spices and luxury goods to Chinese, Persians and Western Europe
-Preserved and protected Eastern Orthodox Christian Church
-Spread culture and religion into Eastern Europe and Russia (Russian Orthodox Church)
Middle Ages - Medieval times
A. Dark Ages (500 - 1000 AD)
1. Lack of a strong central gov't
2. Decline in trade
3. Decline in formal learning
4. Charlemagne - King of Germanic tribe - Converted to Christianity - Pope crowned him "Emperor of the Romans"
B. Feudalism
1. Political System
a) system of local government based on control of the land
b) Hierarchical system - King - Lords - Lesser Lords - Knights - Serfs
c) Developed from a lack of a strong central government - people needed protection
d) Lords held the power
2. Economic System
a) manorialism - land, not trade and commerce, are the major source of wealth
b) self-sufficient - little trading
3. Social System
a) lord - serf relationship - work in exchange for protection - no social mobility
4. Military System
a) Knights defend the manor - fight for the king if necessary -Code of Chivalry
C. Medieval Church - most powerful institution
1. Religious function - refuge and hope - salvation through good works - excommunication
2. Political function - took over responsibilities of gov't - kept records of births, marriages and deaths - made religious laws - Church over state
3. Economic function - Owns a lot of land - collects tithe (10% tax on income)
4. Social function - education - hospitals - music, painting, sculpture
D. Late Middle Ages
1. Crusades - 1050 - holy war - regain Holy Land from Muslims
2. Cultural Diffusion - contact with Muslim -
3. Revival of Trade - demand for the goods from the East
4. Decline of Feudalism -
The Golden Age of Islam
-Umayyad caliphs come to power
-tribute and taxes funneled to major urban centers
-Construction of mosques, palaces, canals accelerated
-Classical works of the Greeks were translated, adapted and advanced in astronomy, navigation, philosophy, science, mathematics and medicine
-Art and architecture blended Greco-Roman and Byzantine styles with Persians
-Imperial security expanded trade and travel connecting Asia, African and the Mediterranean
-Many converted to Islam - less cruel, people were confused with polytheistic religions, complexity of Christianity, slaves could gain freedom
Japan
Geography
- archipelago - chain of islands
- mountainous
- farm land was on the coast
- lacked natural resources
A. Emperor claimed descent from the sun goddess - 660 BC
B. Borrowed ideas from mainland China and Korea
Ex. Religion, architectural styles, symbols for words
C. Cultural Diffusion - borrowed ideas but integrated them
with their own ideas and beliefs
Ex. Buddhism and Confucianism existed along side Shintoism
D. Rise of Feudalism - under the Tokugawa Shogunate
1. weakened imperial system -
emperor's role - religious and ceremonial
2. Social Hierarchy: Emperor - spiritual leader, Shogun - strongest military leader, Daimyo - feudal lords, samurai - warriors (followed bushido) and peasant and farmers
Mongols
Genghis Khan - "World Emperor"
-created the largest empire ever to exist at the time
Kublai Khan - grandson
-Yuan Dynasty (Chinese)
-Claimed the "Mandate of Heaven"
-Placed Mongols in high government positions
-welcomed outside cultures
Mongol Empires
China: Yuan Dynasty (1279 - 1368)
-became first foreign group to rule all of China
-created the capital of Beijing
-directed military expedition against Japan, Indochina, Burma and the Island of Java, Malaya
-Opened China to many contacts with the outside world.
India: Mughal Dynasty (1526 - 1707)
-set up by Muslim invader Babur (descendent of Genghis Khan)
-tolerated tolerance towards Hindus and Buddhists
-Great ruler - Akbar the Great ruled
-Magnificent Persian/Mughal art and architecture (Taj Mahal) influenced Indian style
Africa
West African Kingdoms
-Ghana, Mali, and Songhai - West African trading kingdoms
Mali
Mansa Musa
- king of Mali
- converts to Islam
- pilgrimage to Mecca
- gives gold as alms to the poor
- wealth came from trans-Sahara trade routes
- very complex and developed civilization
The Black Death
-bubonic plague killed 75 million
-brought to Europe through trade with Asia
New Economic Developments
Capitalism - when individuals invest their own money to make a profit
Capital - wealth in the form of property or money
Supply - the amount produced
Demand - perceived consumer markets
Supply and demand -
Guilds - organization of merchants and craftsmen
Joint-stock companies - private enterprises used by the English to finance exploration and colonial projects
European Renaissance
Renaissance - "rebirth" of learning (return to the ways of Ancient Greece and Rome)
Humanism - confidence in individual human accomplishments
Renaissance Artists
Da Vinci - "Renaissance man" - Mona Lisa, Last Supper
-experimented in the arts, mechanics and science
Michelangelo - Moses, David, Sistine Chapel
Michiavelli - The Prince
Gutenberg - the printing press - First book mass produced - The Bible
Protestant Reformation
PROTEST - against the corruption of the Catholic Church
REFORM - the church practices
Corruption - selling of indulgences
Martin Luther - German Monk
95 Theses - things he felt were wrong with the church
John Calvin -
Predestination
Catholic Counter- Reformation -
-Council of Trent
-Missionary work
-Persecute heretics
-Fought against protestants
-Prosecuted Jews
The First Global Age
The Age of Exploration
Columbus 1492 - "discovered" the Americas
Economics
Mercantilism -
-gain a lot of gold for the national treasury - gold = power
-create "a favorable balance of trade" - export more than you import
-gain colonies - create markets, gain natural resources, sell products
"God , Gold and Glory" - motivation to explore
God = spread Christianity to the uncivilized
Gold = gain as much gold as you can
Glory = gain fame as an explorer back in Europe
Causes of European Expansion
· growth of population in cities and wealth generated markets
· desire for spices and luxury goods (silk)
· need for sea routes to Asia
· development of better navigational techniques
· Monarchs needed wealth to compete with other powers
· Desire to spread Christianity
· God , Gold and Glory"
Effects of European Expansion
· Europeans exploited the wealth of the Americas, Africa, India, Southeast Asia
· Colonial empires grew and caused greater competition between countries
· Slavery and the slave trade spread globally
· Forced labor emerged on colonial plantations (encomiendas) in the Americas
· Native American population was destroyed
· European diseases destroyed killed many Native Americans
· Cultural diffusion
· Capitalism expanded
Social Structure of Spanish America
Peninsulares - Born in Spain
Creoles - born in America of European parents
Mestizos - European and Indian
Mulattos - European and African
African Slaves
Native Americans
Native Americans
Aztecs - Mexico
Incans - South America - (Chile and Peru)
-lived in the Andes Mountains - terrace farming
-created an extensive road system
European's conquered the others
-they had better weapons
-European disease
African Slave Trade
-Europeans in the Americans needed cheap labor to replace the Native Americans
-Middle Passage - journey to the Americas in ships packed with slaves under horrible conditions
Columbian Exchange
Good travelled from the Americans to Europe, Africa and Asia
Goods also travelled from Europe, Africa and Asia to the Americas
Absolutism
- concentration of power in the hands of one person
Absolute Monarchs
I.Louis XIV- France
""L'etat c'est moi" - I AM THE STATE
"Sun King
"Built the Palace of Versailles
"Fought many wars
"Palace and wars put France into debt
"Controlled nobles
II.Peter the Great - Russia
"Controlled nobles
"Westernized Russia
"Built St. Petersburg
"Wanted a warm-water port
III.Suleiman I - Ottoman Empire
"Fair government and taxation system
"Reached the height of its power
"Military campaigns against the Hapsburgs and Safavids
"Fleets guarded trade routes - economic prosperity
"Controlled Mediterranean - Europeans began to use Atlantic trade routes
IV.Akbar - India
"Broke up aristocrats who owned land
"Brought Hindu chiefs into government
"Brutally crushed opposition
"Fair tax system
"Built roads
"Religious toleration of non-Muslims
Constitutional Monarchs - England
-had to share power with Parliament
-had to follow a constitution
I. Tudors - Henry VIII and Elizabeth
"strengthened the monarchy
"worked with Parliament (congress)
II. Stuarts - James I and Charles I
"tried to become absolute monarchs
"ignored parliament
III. The Kingless Decade - Oliver Cromwell
IV. Stuarts- Revisited - Charles II and James II
"had to share power with parliament
"again tried to become absolute monarchs
V. Glorious Revolution - James II overthrown
"William and Mary take the thrown
"Monarchs power is limited
Magna Carta - 1215 - limited the power of the king - required a proper trial and lawful judgment in royal courts before giving a sentence.
Habeas Corpus Act - 1670 - arrested individuals were guaranteed a statement of charges against them, an opportunity for bail and a speedy trial.
Bill of Rights - 1689 - under William and Mary - Parliament forbade taxation without its consent, protected the citizens from cruel and unusual punishments and excessive bail and fines.